Tuesday, April 30, 2019

APES Final Exam Part II: FRQs

APES Final Exam Part II Today: Free Response Question
You will be choosing from 2 FRQs to write 1 response.
You have 22 minutes to complete the writing, then we'll use the Scoring Guidelines to mark and score your writing.
Please use a colored pencil to mark and score.

-Test taking expectations:
*Clear desks of everything except a writing utensil.
*Try your best, take your time, & stay focused.
*Please refrain from talking while tests are out 

*No breaks out of room once you have started your test.
*Personal electronic devices must be turned in 
*When finished, turn your paper over and stay in your assigned seat. Please, no talking when you finish.
*We will trade and grade peer FRQs, so keep your papers.
Image result for good luck

Review results from Part I: Multiple Choice
-Look at diagnostic chart and score calculator (test takers)

Final Exam Part I: Multiple Choice

APES Final Exam Part I Today: 100 Multiple Choice Questions
-Test taking expectations:
*Clear desks of everything except a writing utensil.
*Try your best, take your time, & stay focused.
*Please refrain from talking while tests are out 

*No breaks out of room once you have started your test.
*Personal electronic devices must be turned in 
*When finished, bring your test to the front and return to your assigned seat. Please, no talking when you finish (technology OK when done with test)

Image result for good luck

Friday, April 26, 2019

Ozone/Global Warming Notes; Climate Change Jigsaw Activity; Antarctic Ozone video

HOMEWORK CHECK: 38.Bozeman Climate Change vid notes

Course Final:
Part I - Tuesday, 4/30  100 multiple choice
Part II - Thursday, 5/2   2 FRQ's

Heading: Ozone Depletion/Global Warming/Climate Change Notes

Ozone Depletion
-Stratospheric ozone = "good" ozone (just above troposphere)
-we need the ozone layer to protect us from UV rays
-without any UV rays we would die, but too much causes cancer (everything in moderation)
-stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) from aerosols and refrigerants combined with UV rays break apart ozone molecules
-does not result in increased heat
-can lead to skin damage due to an increase in UV rays hitting earth

Ground-level ozone (smog)
-caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOX; don't confuse with 'nitrous oxides' in global warming!)

-needs vehicle emissions, heat, and little air movement to form

Now to the new stuff...


Electromagnetic spectrum: 2 different kinds of photons involved in ozone depletion & global warming

infrared photons   ('infrared & CO2')

-longer wavelength
-absorbed by greenhouse gasses
-felt as heat
-tropospheric
-trapped by carbon dioxide in our atmosphere, which we feel as heat, resulting in global warming

UV photons     ('UV & ozone')

-shorter wavelength
-not hot
-absorbed by ozone in the stratosphere, protecting us from UV rays

global warming

-caused by greenhouse effect
-greenhouse effect alone not harmful; keeps earth at a livable temperature 
-problem lies when carbon emissions from human activities magnify the earth's natural greenhouse effect 

greenhouse gasses (GHGs)

-carbon dioxide (CO2)
-water vapor (H2O)
-methane (CH4)
-nitrous oxide (N2O)
-these molecules trap infrared radiation in our troposphere

There are  both natural and anthropogenic (human caused) sources of almost all the GHG 

Are CFCs a greenhouse gas? 
-Yes...but, their effect on heating the earth is negligible.
CO2 and methane have much more devastating effects on global warming.


CFCs and tropospheric ozone are greenhouse gasses


Note: CO2 is a very important GHG and a pollutant but since it is not a serious pollutant in terms of human health it is not considered a 'criteria pollutant' in terms of the EPA. Excess CO2 at a current levels won't harm a human at tropospheric levels, but will harm humans through the climate effects.

How does this happen?

-burning of fossil fuels, releasing CO2 & N2O
-animal agriculture contributes to methane production
-deforestation (reduction in # of trees that take in CO2)
-water pollution kills CO2 absorbing photosynthetic algae 

Burning fossil fuels releases both GHGs (causing global warming) and NOX and VOCs (causing tropospheric ozone/smog)...but does NOT contribute to ozone depletion.


Ozone Depletion/Global Warming Fact Sheet HERE

And what about 'global warming' vs. 'climate change'? 

According to NASA...


What is global warming? 


Global warming refers to the long-term warming of the planet since the early 20th century, and most notably since the late 1970s, due to the increase in fossil fuel emissions since the Industrial Revolution. Worldwide since 1880, the average surface temperature has gone up by about 1 °C (about 2 °F), relative to the mid-20th-century baseline (of 1951-1980). This is on top of about an additional 0.15 °C of warming from between 1750 and 1880.

What is climate change?

Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena created predominantly by burning fossil fuels, which add heat-trapping gases to Earth’s atmosphere. These phenomena include the increased temperature trends described by global warming, but also encompass changes such as sea level rise; ice mass loss in Greenland, Antarctica, the Arctic and mountain glaciers worldwide; shifts in flower/plant blooming; and extreme weather events.

Heading: Climate Change Jigsaw Activity

Learning Objective: I can research and share out information on climate change indicators in order to better understand global change.


Please arrange yourself into 5 groups. You will be assigned a climate change indicator at random in one of 5 categories:
weather & climate, oceans, snow & ice, health & society, ecosystems

You will need at least one computer per group to do your research. 

Go to the website at the top of your HANDOUT  (https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators) 

Also: A great video explaining the Antarctic Ozone hole HERE!

HOMEWORK: Study for your final! Use the resources on the blog! 
Search 'ScholarsAPES' on Kahoot for study sets! 

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Earth Week; Finish Solid Waste; Unit 8: Global Change

Tutorial Schedule today (test study session in S-020 until 4pm)

Your 3 Air Pollution drawings are due today for 30 points 

Homework stamp for 37. Bozeman Solid Waste video notes

Notes:
-I had zero people show up for the first APES test study session on 4/18...? Please check blog post for resources.
-I had one person come to tutorial to retake a test. 
Here is the grade breakdown for my APES classes:
8/60 (13%) have an F (failing)
5/60 (8%) have a D
3/60 (5%) have a C
???

Continuing Earth Week...
-Read your earth week pledges (did you forget to add one?)
-Today is Water Wednesday 

Water Facts of Life
Ride the Water Cycle With These Fun Facts

  • There is the same amount of water on Earth as there was when the Earth was formed. The water from your faucet could contain molecules that dinosaurs drank.
  • Water is composed of two elements, Hydrogen and Oxygen. 2 Hydrogen + 1 Oxygen = H2O.
  • Nearly 97% of the world’s water is salty or otherwise undrinkable. Another 2% is locked in ice caps and glaciers. That leaves just 1% for all of humanity’s needs — all its agricultural, residential, manufacturing, community, and personal needs.
  • Water regulates the Earth’s temperature. It also regulates the temperature of the human body, carries nutrients and oxygen to cells, cushions joints, protects organs and tissues, and removes wastes.
  • 75% of the human brain is water and 75% of a living tree is water.
  • A person can live about a month without food, but only about a week without water.
  • Water is part of a deeply interconnected system. What we pour on the ground ends up in our water, and what we spew into the sky ends up in our water.
  • The average total home water use for each person in the U.S. is about 50 gallons a day.
  • The average cost for water supplied to a home in the U.S. is about $2.00 for 1,000 gallons, which equals about 5 gallons for a penny.
  • Water expands by 9% when it freezes. Frozen water (ice) is lighter than water, which is why ice floats in water.
Interesting Info from PPS regarding sustainability:
Happy Earth Day!

Portland Public Schools has a growing sustainability program that incorporates the dual approach of promoting student ecoliteracy while reducing the District's environmental footprint. We aim tospark student's curiosity and empower them with capabilities to create a more sustainable future by encouraging students topositively respond to our ever-changing world.

Find us on social media!
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Today’s Sustainability Topic: Energy!
PPS is dedicated to reducing our energy consumption, increasing our efficiency, and investing in renewable sources.
·         Energy Conservation: the prevention of wasteful energy usage, usually through human behavior change and/or automated building controls.
·         Energy Efficiency: reducing energy consumption by using building systems, equipment and appliances that use less energy to attain the same output.
·         Renewable Energy: use of clean, non-fossil fuel energy sources that are constantly replenished by natural processes, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectricity. Solar energy projects can be found at 18 schools through the Solar Roof Project, Solar 4R Schools, and other grant funded programs. PPS has one wind power project at Skyline Elementary School.

Green Schools Project Ideas & Resources
Power Patrol
·         The Power Patrol is a student-run energy-monitoring program in which students monitor energy use in their. This is an activity that students can do at any point during the year. To learn more about the Power Patrol program, click here.
Energy Audit
·         One of the best ways to relate energy conservation to the real world is to have students complete an energy audit of their school. Students collect data and do basic calculations to estimate total electricity use and cost for the school. To have students conduct their own Energy Audit, click here.

Daily Habits for a Sustainable World: Energy Conservation Tips
Plug Load Reduction
·         One of the biggest burdens on our schools' aging electrical systems are personal appliances such as refrigerators, microwaves, space heaters, and coffee makers.
·         Students can do a survey of their school to identify personal appliances and leave notes with the calculated amount of energy they are using.

Partnership Spotlight: Better Buildings
PPS is a proud partner of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Better Buildings Challenge (BBC), committing to reduce our energy use by 20% by the year 2020.  During the month of July, PPS was listed in the BBC's top 10 solutions, nationwide, for our implementation model.  You can view our implementation model here and our BBC profile here.

Our Last Unit of APES! 

Unit 8: Global Change (Stratospheric Ozone, Global Warming, Loss of Biodiversity)

In your notebook, do an independent write for 5 mins:
-What do I know about global change?
-What do I want to know about global change?
Then, share with table partners.
Lastly, share out with class and make a list.

greenhouse gasesgas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vaporcarbon dioxidemethanenitrous oxide and ozone.

global warminga gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

climate change - a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.

Read over these articles with your table partners, adding to your 'what you know':

Are the ozone hole and global warming related?

Is the ozone hole causing climate change?

Climate Change vs Ozone Depletion Diagram

NatGeo Climate Change Info

NASA Vital Signs of the Planet 

Homework:
Bozeman Climate Change Video (HERE) and Notes

Monday, April 22, 2019

Finish Unit 6: Pollution - Water Pollution & Solid Waste Management

Today is Earth Day! 🌎
Sometime before you leave class today, write down something you plan to commit to in order to reduce your impact on the planet. (write your name next to it - it's your exit ticket)

Hope you had a nice weekend!

Homework check: stamp for 
36. Bozeman Water Pollution video & notes

Tutorial this week: Wed/Thur
Wed - APES test study session 2:30-4

-Course final will be the week of 4/29
  Part 1: 100 Multiple choice on Tuesday, 4/30
  Part 2: 4 FRQ's on Thursday, 5/2
-There will be a curve
-Everyone is required to take it! If you are an AP test taker it will only count if it boosts your grade. It's good practice either way.
-Your 3 Air Pollution Drawings are due Wed. 4/24 for 30 pts!

WATER POLLUTION
-Water Pollution drawing handout HERE
-Takes notes on the back of the drawing handout from this PPT

Quizlet Water Pollution #1

Quizlet Water Pollution #2

SOLID WASTE (Land Pollution)

Learning Objective: I can summarize and compare the types of solid waste, their impacts, and how solid waste can be managed. 

Solid Waste Management PPT & guided notes


HOMEWORK: Finish guided notes on solid waste AND Bozeman Solid Waste video (HERE) & notes 

3 Air Pollution Drawings due Wed 4/24 for 30 points!

Thursday, April 18, 2019

Finish air pollution (Part III drawings)

Tutorial schedule today (AP test study session 2:30-4 in S-020)

IMPORTANT: 
-Course final will be the week of 4/29
  Part 1: 100 Multiple choice on Tuesday, 4/30
  Part 2: 4 FRQ's on Thursday, 5/2
-There will be a curve
-Everyone is required to take it! If you are an AP test taker it will only count if it boosts your grade. It's good practice either way.
-Your 3 Air Pollution Drawings are due Wed. 4/24 for 30 pts!

Finish Air Pollution 

-Do Part III of table drawings (acid rain); 10 bullet points
     -SO2 = sulfur dioxide
     -NO2 = nitrogen dioxide
     -what does 'culprit' mean?
     -Good info on acid rain HERE on EPA's website; effects of          acid rain HERE
     -what is 'mitigation'?
     -what does 'hindering' mean?
     -#8 due to decreased soil nutrients
-Your 3 Air Pollution Drawings are due Wed. 4/24 for 30 pts!

HOMEWORK: (#36) Bozeman Science Water Pollution Video HERE (9 mins) & Notes

Clarification on Antarctic ozone depletion HERE

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

APES Test Information Here!!!

2019 APES Exam is on Monday, May 6th at 11:30am

PPS AP Test Information HERE

Math practice with keys HERE

Get the Remind App to join an APES study group! To sign up for the messages the students will follow the directions on the attached page. The simple version is to have the students text @apesnation to 81010 or they can go to the following link:remind.com/join/apesnation 


Warm Up; Announcements; Finish Air; Chalk Drawings Part II

WARM UP:
1. What are the 5 layers of the atmosphere?
2. Name the 6 criteria air pollutants.
3. What is the difference between primary and secondary pollutants?
4. Tell me everything you know about VOCs...what are they, where do they come from, 
5. Why is ground level (tropospheric) ozone a concern? Is it a primary or secondary pollutant? How is it formed?
6. What is the difference between smog and ozone?
7. What health impacts do air pollutants in the troposphere have on humans and the environment?

Stamp for 'Smog Video Notes' (if still needed)

This week: 
-Tutorial Thursday, Assembly Friday
-APES Test Prep Session during tutorial unil 4pm, bring your completed Math Practice work to review!

Nice job on your table drawings last class! Remember that you'll need to draw the processes on a piece of paper on your own to turn in later. We'll do two more drawings, so at the end of the unit you'll have 3 drawings. 

Let's move on to the stratosphere...HERE

"Good" ozone - what does it do?
Where is it found? stratosphere
What is the current issue? How does air pollution affect it?
Ozone depleting substances released at the earth's surface travel up to the stratosphere (takes 2-5 years!)
What is the source of the problem?
-Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) and other chemicals used as refrigerants, fire supression, foam insulation, etc.
What are the effects of these sources on the ozone layer?
What are the health and environmental effects of ozone depletion? less protection from sun's rays like...
-skin cancer, eye disease (cataracts), crop damage, reduces productivity of phytoplankton
-negative effect on plants' physiology and processes, biogeochemical cycles altered

Friday, April 12, 2019

Air pollution notes; Chalk Drawings Part 1

Homework check/stamp for 
35. 'Health Effects of Smog'/'Science of Smog' video notes
(you should have 1/2 a page of notes for each video)

Continue Air Pollution notes...

NOx + VOCs + heat & sunlight = ozone (tropospheric)

The term "smog" was originally used to describe the haze that enshrouded coal-burning London at the turn of the 20th century (smoke + fog = smog)

NatGeo: Smog info HERE

How can I remember the 6 Criteria Air Pollutants that are considered human health risks?
NOSeCLiP = NOx, Ozone, SOx, CO, Lead, Particulate matter

NOTE: CO2 (carbon dioxide) is not considered an air pollutant! It is a greenhouse gas that we will discuss as we move on.

The chemistry of ozone formation HERE

BREAK...

Heading: Air Pollution Chalk Drawings (Part 1)
Learning Objective: I can work with my table group to draw out the process of tropospheric ozone formation, showing how it is formed and its effects.

Document HERE

You will also each turn in a packet of the three drawings at the end of this unit. We'll do the first page today.

Wednesday, April 10, 2019

Begin Q4: New seats; Homework Stamp; Continue Air Pollution

Hope you had a nice long weekend!

Today is the start of Quarter 4 - new seating chart...
I am allowing you the privilege of choosing your own seat for the remaining quarter. I trust you to wisely choose a seat where you will be productive. As always, as your teacher I reserve the right to choose a more appropriate seat for you if your selection is not in the best interest of our classroom community. ♡ Please limit each table to 4 students.

Announcements:
-AP Test Study Sessions:
 All tutorial A days leading up to test on 5/6: 2:23pm-4pm
-Fish tanks?
-Everyone will take a cumulative course final at the end of April/beginning of May (APES test-takers?)

Stamp for homework: 
34. Six Criteria Air Pollutants Chart

Continue Air Pollution notes in notebook...

To clarify: we are covering air pollutants according to where they are found in the atmosphere. The '6 Criteria Air Pollutants' are found in the first layer of the earth's atmosphere, the troposphere.

Distinguish primary vs. secondary pollutants from vocab list

NOx - nitrogen oxides, specifically nitric oxide & nitrogen dioxide

Additional known air pollutants:

VOC's 
- volatile organic compounds
-found in paints, aerosol sprays, dry-cleaning fluids, and industrial solvents
-examples: toluene (paint thinner)
                   xylene (paint, varnish, fingernail polish, adhesives)
                   formaldehyde (pressed-wood products, adhesives)                     benzene (natural and manufactured sources)
                   acetone (solvents, nail polish remover)
-concerns: causes respiratory irritation and damage; most are carcinogenic and cause liver, kidney, and central nervous system damage 
-levels of VOC's may be 1000 times higher indoors than outdoors


Ozone

Clarify 'Air Quality Index' on airnow.gov 

Notes on ozone from EPA website

Ground-level (tropospheric) ozone is one of the major components of photochemical smog and a key health risk linked to breathing problems, asthma, reduced lung function and respiratory diseases. It is a secondary pollutant, meaning that it is not directly emitted. Instead, it is produced when carbon monoxide (CO), methane, or other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are oxidized in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sunlight.

Good info about tropospheric ozone HERE

Photochemical smog (brown) vs. industrial smog (gray) from vocab list

HOMEWORK:

Videos: We'll watch one in class & the other is for homework
Take half a page of notes for each video, to be checked Fri

Video: Health Effects of Smog (19 mins)

Video: The Science of Smog (5 mins)